Glossary and Terms of the Foundry Industry

Steel Founders' Society of America

Glossary of Foundry Terms - C

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C: Degrees Centigrade or Celsius.
C or Croning Process: See Shell Molding.
CAD: Computer-Aided Design.
CAE: Computer Aided Engineering.
Calcium Silicide: An alloy of Calcium, silicon, and iron containing 28-35% Ca, 60-65% Si, and 6% Fe, max., used as a deoxidizer and degasser for steel and cast-iron; sometimes called calcium silicide.
Calcium Silicon: An alloy of calcium, silicon, and iron containing 28-35% Ca, 60-65% Si, and 6% Fe, max., used as a deoxidizer and degasser for steel and cast-iron; sometimes called calcium silicide.
Calcium Wired Injection: Wire feeding of steel clad calcium wire into molten bath to provide favorable kinetics for inclusion modification.
CAM: Computer-Aided Manufacturing.
Camber: Deviation from edge straightness usually referring to the greatest deviation of side edge from a straight line.
Carbide: A compound of carbon with one or more metallic elements.
Carbon: Element occurring as diamond and as graphite. Carbon reduces many metals from their oxides when heated with the latter, and small amounts of it greatly affect the properties of iron. Though classed as a nonmetallic, metallurgically, like boron, it is treated as a metal.
Carbon Boil: See Boil.
Carbon, Combined: The carbon in iron or steel which is combined with other elements and therefore is not in the free state as graphite or as temper carbon.
Carbon Dioxide Process (Silicate Process, Schmidt Philip Process: A process for hardening molds or cores in which carbon dioxide gas is blown through dry clay-free silica sand to precipitate silica in the form of a gel from the sodium silicate binder.
Carbon Sand: A molding aggregate consisting principally of carbon (graphite) granules.
Carbonitriding (Nicarbing): A process in which a ferrous alloy is case hardened by first being heated in a gaseous atmosphere of such composition that the alloy absorbs carbon and nitrogen simultaneously, and then being cooled at a rate that will produce desired properties.
Carburizing: A form of case hardening that produces a carbon gradient inward from the surface, enabling the surface layer to be hardened by either quenching directly from the carbonizing temperature or by cooling to room temperature, then reaustenitizing and quenching.
Carpel Tunnel Syndrome: Pressure on the median nerve at the point at which it passes through the carpel tunnel of the wrist. Causes soreness and tenderness of the muscles of the thumb.
(See CTD).
Case: The surface layer of an iron-base alloy which has been suitably altered in composition and can be made substantially harder than the interior or core by heat treatment.
Case Hardening: A process of hardening a ferrous alloy so that the surface layer or case is made substantially harder than the interior or core. Typically case hardening process are carburizing, carbonitriding, and nitriding.
Cast-Weld: Welding one casting to another to form a complete unit.
See Fabrication
Casting Drawing: An engineering drawing which depicts the shape and size of a part to be cast.
Casting Layout: A check of dimensions against applicable drawings and specifications.
Cavitation: The formation and collapse of cavities or bubbles within a liquid.
Cementite: A compound of iron and carbon commonly known as iron carbide and having the approximate chemical structure, Fe3C. Cementite is characterized by an orthorhombic crystal structure.
Centrifugal Casting: Casting made in molds which are rotating so as to produce a centrifugal force in the molten metal.
CERCLA: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act. 1980.
Ceroxide: See Inclusions
Chaplet: Metal support that holds a core in place within a mold; molten metal solidifies around the chaplet and fuses it into the finished casting.
Charpy Impact Test: A pendulum-type single-blow impact test in which the specimen, usually notched, is supported at both ends as a simple beam and broken by a falling pendulum. The energy absorbed in fracture, as impact strength or notch toughness.
Cheek: The intermediate section of a flask that is used between the cope and the drag when molding a shape requires more than one parting plane.
Chicken Wire Cracks: See Craze Cracking
Chill (External): Metal, graphite or carbon blocks that are incorporated into the mold or core to locally increase the rate of heat removal during solidification and reduce shrinkage defects.
Chill (Internal): A metallic device / insert in molds or cores at the surface of a casting or within the mold to increase the rate of heat removal, include directional solidification and reduce shrinkage defects. The internal chill may then become a part of the casting.
Chromel: A 90Ni - 10Cr alloy used in thermocouples.
Chromite: FeCr2O4. Specialty sand used in molding, has a similar effect to chills.
CLAS: A casting process in which metal fills the mold through the drag by application of a vacuum.
Cleaning: The removal of gates, runners and risers from the rough casting. This term also involves any hand finishing such as grinding or blasting.
CMF: Cast Metals Federation
See Trade Name Section for address
CMM: Coordinate Measuring Machine.
CNC: Computer Numerical Controlled Machine Tools.
Coalescence: 1) the growth of particles of a dispersed phase by solution and reprecipitation, 2) the growth of grains by absorption of adjacent undistorted grains.
Cobalt: Blue-white metal, melting at 2715°F (1492°C), used in very hard alloy such as stellite, and a binder in carbide cutting tools.
Cobalt-60: A radioactive isotope used in medical and industrial radiography.
Cocoon Process: A method of protecting metal parts by spraying on a cover of plastic filaments.
Code: In EDP, a system of symbols and their use in representing rules for handling the flow or processing of information.
Code Holes: The information holes in perforated tape, as opposed to feed or sprocket holes.
Coefficient of Expansion: Unit increase in size resulting from a unit increase in temperature; measured in inches per inch per degree Fahrenheit (in/in/1/2°F) or in millimeter per millimeter per degree Celsius (mm/mm/1/2°C).
Coercive Force: The magnetizing force that must be applied in the direction opposite to that of the previous magnetizing force in order to remove residual magnetism; thus, an indicator of the strength of magnetically hard materials.
Cohesion: The force by which like particles are held together. It varies with different metals and depends upon molecular arrangement due to heat treatment.
Coining: 1) A process of straightening and sizing casting by die pressing, 2) a process for shaping metal.
Coke: A porous, bray infusible product resulting from the dry distillation of bituminous coal, petroleum or coal tar pitch, which drives off most of the volatile matter. Used as a fuel in cupola melting.
Coke Bed: First layer of coke placed in the cupola. Also the coke as the foundation in constructing a large mold in a flask or pit.
Coke, Beehive: Coke produced from a bituminous coal by the beehive process where heat for the coking process comes from a partial combustion of the coke. Generally characterized by an elongate stringy structure.
Coke Breeze: Fines from coke screening, used in blacking mixes after grinding; also briquetted for cupola use.
Coke, By-Product: Coke produced from bituminous coal in airtight code ovens where heat for coking process is externally applied. Generally more uniform in size than beehive coke, and usually ball or cube shape.
Coke Furnace: Type of pot or crucible furnace using coke as the fuel.
Coke, Petroleum: Residue left from the distillation of petroleum crude, used as a carbon raiser.
Coke Porosity: The percentage volume of cell space in coke.
Cold-Box Process: 1) Any core binder process that uses a gas or vaporized catalyst to cure a coated sand while it is in contact with the core box at room temperature.
Cold Chamber Machine: A diecasting machine where the metal chamber and plunger are not immersed in hot metal.
Cold Chamber, Club Sandwich, Two-Faced, Three-Piece Die: A diecasting die in which two different pieces are cast in two widely separated cavities.
Cold Cracking: Cracks in cold or nearly cold metal due to excessive internal stress caused by contraction. Often brought about when the mold is to hard or casting is of unsuitable design.
Cold Lap: Wrinkled markings on the surface of an ingot or casting from incipient freezing of the surface.
Cold Setting Process: An of several systems for bonding mold or core aggregates by means of organic binders, relying upon the use of catalysts rather than heat for polymerization (setting).
Cold Setting Binders: Term used to describe any binder that will harden the core sufficiently at room temperature so core can be removed from its box without distortion; commonly used in reference to oil-oxygen type binders.
Cold Short: A characteristic of metals that are brittle at ordinary or low temperatures.
Cold Shot: Small globule of metal embedded in but not entirely fused with the casting.
Cold Shut: Casting defect caused by imperfect fusing or discontinuity of molten metal coming together from opposite directions in a mold, or due to folding of the surface. It may have the appearance of a crack or seam with smooth, rounded edges. Also see Cold Lap
Cold Work: Plastic deformation of a metal at room temperature. Substantial increases in strength and hardness may occur.
Collapsibity: The requirement that a sand mixture break down under the pressure and temperatures developed during casting, in order to avoid hot tears or facilitate the separation of the sand and the casting.
Collapsible Sprue: A sprue pattern of flexible material, or of spring-tube design, used in squeeze-molding of plated patterns, and incorporating a pouring cup.
Collate: 1) to merge items from two or more similarly sequenced files into one sequenced file, 2) to compare one thing critically with another of the same kind.
Collimator: A device for confining the elements of a beam of radiation within an assigned solid angle.
Colloids, Colloidal Material: Finely divided material less than 0.5 micron (0.00002 in.) in size, such as albumin, glue, starch, gelatin, and bentonite.
Colloidal Clay: Finely divided clay of montmorillonite, kaolinite, or illite class; prepared for foundry purposes as in sand bonding.
Color Etching: A micro-etch resulting from the formation of a thin film of a definite compound of the metal
Coloimetric Analysis: Determining the amount of an element in a solution by measuring the intrinsic color.
Columnar Structure: A coarse structure of parallel columns of grains, which is caused by highly directional solidification.
Combination Die (Multiple-Cavity Die): In die casting, a die with two or more different cavities for different castings.
Combined Carbon: Carbon in iron and steel which is combined chemically with other elements; not in the free state as graphitic or temper carbon.
Combined Water: That water in mineral matter which is chemically combined and driven off only at temperatures above 231°F (111°C).
Combustion: Chemical change as a result of the combination of the combustible constituents of the fuel with oxygen, producing heat.
Combustion Chamber: Space in furnace where combustion of gaseous products from fuel takes place.
Combustion Efficiency: The amount of heat usefully available divided by the maximum amount which can be liberated by combustion; usually expressed in percentage.
Comfort Zone (Average): The range of effective temperature over which the majority (50% or more) of adults feel comfortable.
Composite Construction: Welding a steel casting to a rolled or forged steel object or to another casting.
See Cast-Weld
Compression Test: Imposing a dead load on a small cylindrical test piece to determine compressive strength, expressed in pounds per sq. in.
Comressive Strength (Yield): The maximum stress in compression that can be withstood without plastic deformation or failure.
Compressor: Device for providing gas under pressure. Usually connotes high pressures and not so high volume.
Condensing Rings: A special form of chill used for cast iron to produce a dense but graphite structure.
Conduction: The transmission of heat, sound, etc. by the transferring of energy from one particle to another.
Conductivity (Thermal): The quantity of heat that flows through a material measured in heat units per unit time per unit of cross-sectioned area per unit of length, (electrical) the quantity of electricity that is transferred through a material of know cross-section and length.
Connor Gate (Runner) (Lip Feeder): A runner in which the feed block overlaps the casting by 1/16 in. (1.6 mm).
Constant Intensity Pyrometer: Use of a comparison lamp filament's glow to estimate metal temperature.
Constantan: An alloy of nickel and copper use in thermocouples.
Constituent: A micrographically distinguishable part of an alloy or mixture.
Consumer's Risk: The risk the consumer runs of accepting lots of quality p2.
Conact Cement: Patternmaking bonding technique, in which liquid bonding agent is painted on both surfaces to be joined and allowed to dry. These dry surfaces placed in contact adhere firmly.
Contact Printing (Ink Print): A method of recording details of a macroetched structure.
See Sulfur Prints.
Contamination: 1) Radioactive deposition of radioactive material in any place where it is not desired, and particularly in any place where its presence may be harmful. The harm may be in vitiating the validity of an experiment or a procedure, or in actually being a source of danger to personnel, 2) presence of small percentages of deleterious elements in an alloy adversely affecting the alloy's mechanical properties and/or casting soundness.
Continuous Annealing Furnace: Furnace in which castings are annealed or heat treated by passing through different zones at constant temperatures.
Continuous Desulfurization: A process of removing sulfur from molten ferrous alloys on a continuous basis.
Continuous Mixer: Used to continuously mix chemically bonded sand.
Continuous Phase: The phase that forms the matrix or background in which the other phases are present as isolated units.
Continous Tapping: A furnace or holding ladle that is made of discharge molten metal continuously during normal operation.
Contraction: The volume change occurring in metals (except antimony and bismuth) and alloys on solidification and cooling to room temperature.
Contraction Cracks: Cracks formed by restriction of the metal while contracting in the mold; may occur just after solidification (called a hot tear) or a short time after the casting has been removed from the mold.
See Hot Tears
Contraction Rule: See Shrinkage, Patternmaker's
Contolled Area: A defined area in which the occupational exposure of personnel to radiation or to radioactive material is under the supervision of an individual in charge of radiation protection.
Controlled Atmosphere: Any gas or mixture of gases that prevents or retards oxidation and decarburization.
Controlled Cooling: See Cooling, Controlled
Convection: The motion resulting in a fluid from the differences in density. In heat transmission, this meaning has been extended to include both forced and natural motion or circulation.
Converter: A furnace in which a gas, usually air, is blown through the molten bath or crude metal for the purpose of oxidizing impurities.
Conveyor: A mechanical apparatus for carrying or transporting materials from place to place. Types include apron, belt, chain, gravity, roller, monorail, overhead, pneumatic, vibrating, etc.
Conveyor Belt: A continuously moving belt used in an automated or semiautomatic foundry to move materials from one station to another.
Conveyor, Pallet: A materials-handling device that holds one or more molds and transports them from the molding station through pouring to shakeout.
Conveyor, Pneumatic Tube: An air-tube means of moving materials from on place to another, primarily orders, light metal samples, and sand and other finely divided materials, as bentonite.
Conveyor, Roller: A line of conveyance in an automated or semiautomated foundry which employs a series of steel roller for moving objects.
Conveyor Screw: Rotary worm-type blade used to move materials in automated core and mold making and other continuous sand-mixing operations.
Conveyor, Slat: A materials-handling device built on a continuous belt of metal slats that moves granular materials and castings throughout a foundry.
Convery, Vibratory: A materials-handling device used usually with shakeout operations, to help clean sand from the castings as they are moved from one place to another in the foundry and as a feeding device to regulate materials flow. Operations with vibrational energy.
Cooler: The largest of three water coolers surrounding the cinder notch of a blast furnace.
Cooling, Controlled: A process of cooling from an elevated temperature in a predetermined manner used to produce a desired microstructure to avoid hardening, cracking or internal damage.
Cooling Curve: A curve showing the relationship between time and temperature during the solidification and cooling of a metal sample. Since most phase changes involve evolution or absorption of heat, there may be abrupt changes in the slope of the curve.
Cooling Fin: See Cracking Strip
Cooling Stress: Stresses developed by uneven contraction or external constraint of metal during cooling.
Cope: Upper or topmost section of a flask, mold or pattern.
Cope, False: Temporary cope used only in forming the parting and therefore not a part of the finished mold
Coping Out: The extension of sand of the cope downward into the drag, where it takes an impression of a pattern.
Copper: For foundry applications, copper is meant to include all alloys containing 98% or more copper. Used for conductivity castings. Melting point 1083°C (1981.4°F).
Copper, Electrolytic: Copper produced by the electrolysis method.
Corbel: One or more projecting courses of brick each projecting beyond the course below.
Core: A performed sand aggregate inserted in a mold to shape the interior or that part of a casting which cannot be shaped by the pattern.
Core Arbor: An iron framework embedded in a large core to stiffen it and for convenience in handling.
Core Assembly: Putting together a complex core made of a number of sections.
Core-Baking Dielectric: Heating cores to baking temperatures by means of high-frequency dielectric equipment; particularly adapted to thermo-setting resin core binders.
Core Barrel: Pipe-shaped device upon which a cylindrical core is formed.
Core Binder: Any material used to hold the grains of core sand together.
Core Blow: A gas pocket in a casting adjacent to a core cavity caused by entrapping gases from the core.
Core Box, Combination: Core box and core dryers from the same pattern. One half is used as a half core box and a core drier.
Core Branch: Part of a core assembly.
Core Breaker: A machine for crushing cores or for removing cores from castings.
Core Cavity: The interior form of a core box that gives shape to the core. Also, the cavity produced in a casting by use of a core.
Core Collapsibility: The rate of disintegration of the core at elevated temperature.
Core Compound: A commercial mixture used as a binder in core sand.
Core Crab: An iron framework embedded in a large core to stiffen it and for convenience in handling.
Core Density: 1) Permeability of core or 2) weight per unit volume.
Core Driers: Supports used to hold cares in shape while being baked; constructed from metals or sand for conventional baking, or from plastic material for use with dielectric core-baking equipment.
Core Extruder: A special shell-core-making machine that produces a continuous length of cores, usually of cylindrical cross-section.
Core Filler: Material used in place of sand in the interiors of large cores - coke, cinder, sawdust, etc., usually added to aid collapsibility.
Core Fin: A casting defect, a depression in the casting caused by a fin on the core that was not removed before the core was set, or by paste that has oozed out from between the joints.
Core Float: A casting defect caused by core movement towards the cope surface of the mold, as a result of core buoyancy in liquid steel, resulting in a deviation from the intended wall thickness.
Core Frame: Frame of skeleton construction used instead of a complete core box in forming intermediate and large cores.
Core Grinder: Machine for grinding a taper on the end of a cylindrical core or to grind a core to a specified dimension, usually flat face.
Core Gum: A pitch material used as a core binder.
Core Hardness: The ability of a core to resist scratching or abrasion.
Core Jig: A device for setting core assemblies outside of the mold and placing the whole assembly in the mold.
Core Knockout Machine: A mechanical device for removing cores from castings.
Core Lightener: A core material of any size and shape used to lighten pattern castings and match plates.
Core Maker: A core seat so shaped or arranged that the core will register correctly in the mold; also termed locator, indicator, register, telltale.
Core-Mading Machine: A device to make cores.
Core Mud: A daubing mixture used to correct defect in cores.
Core Prints: Portions of a pattern that locate and anchor the core in the proper position in the sand.
Core Refractiveness: The ability of a core to resist breakdown when exposed to heat.
Core Rod: A wire or rod of steel used to reinforce and stiffen the core.
Core Sand: Sand for making cores to which a binding material has been added to obtain good cohesion and permeability after drying. Usually low in clays.
Core Setting Jig/Gage: A device used to help position a core in the mold.
Core Setting Jig: A device used to help set a core into the mold.
Core Shift: A variation from specified dimensions of a cored section due to a change in position of the core or misalignment of cores in assembling.
Core Shooter: A device using low air pressure to fluidize the sand mix which is released quickly in such a way as to force it into a core box.
Core Spindle: A shaft on which a core barrel is rotated in making cylindrical cores.
Core Sprayer: A device for spraying a coating on cores.
Core Strainer (Strainer Tub): Baked sand or refractory disc with uniform size holes through its thickness used to control the discharge of metal from pouring basins into sprues or to regulate the flow of metal in gates systems of molds; also to prevent entrance of dross or slag into the mold cavity.
Core Stickle Template (Sweep): Device of wood or metal to give shape to certain types of cores or molds.
Core Truck: Truck or carriage used for transporting cores.
Core Vents: 1) holes made in the core for escape of gas. 2) A metal screen or slotted piece used to form the vent passage in the core box employed in a core-blowing machine. 3) A wax product, round or oval in form, used to form the vent passage in a core.
Core Wires or Rolls: See Core Rod
Coreless Induction Furnace: See Induction Furnace
Coremaker: A craftsman skilled in the production of cores for foundry use.
Corer, Sag: A decrease in the height of a core, usually accompanied by an increase in width, as a result of insufficient green strength of the sand to support its own weight.
Coreroom: Department of the foundry in which cores are made.
Coring (Metallurgical): Variable composition due to the solidification characteristics of an alloy. Typically these compositional differences occur on a micro scale, the distances between compositional extremes being controlled by the solidification structure of the alloy.
Coring Up: Placement of cores chills, and chaplets in mold halves before closing the mold.
Cornerslick (inside and Outside Corners): A molder's tool used for repairing and slicking the sand in molds. Used primarily on Dry sand and loam.
Corrective Effective Temperature Chart: A chart on which information can be plotted resulting in an adjustment temperature reading more indicative of human comfort.
Corrosion: 1) Gradual chemical or electrochemical attack on a metal by atmosphere, moisture or other agents, 2) chemical attack of furnace linings by gases, slags, ashes or other fluxes occurring in various melting practices.
Corrosion Index: A number expressing the maximum depth in mils to which corrosion would penetrate in one year on the basis of a linear extrapolation of the penetration occurring during the lifetime of a given test or service.
Corrosion Wear: Wear in which chemical or electrochemical reaction with the environment is significant.
Corundum: Native alumna, or aluminum oxide, Al2O3, occurring as rhombohedral crystals and also in masses and variously colored grains. Applied specifically to nontransparent kinds used as abrasives. It is hardest mineral except the diamond. Corundum and its artificial counterparts are abrasives especially suited to the grinding of metals.
Coslettizing: Producing a black, rust-resisting surface on iron and steel by boiling for some hours in water containing phosphoric acid and iron filings.
Cottrell Process: An electrostatic method of removing solid particles from gases.
Count Rate Meter: A device which gives a continuous indication of the average rate of ionizing events.
Couple: Two dissimilar conductors in electrical contact. An electromotive force in created under proper electrolytic influences or during heating.
Courses: Alternate layers of material in a pattern, or brickwork.
Cover: A protective blanket laid on a melt to exclude oxidizing atmosphere and in the case of magnesium to prevent its igniting. Neutral covers simply protect metal from atmosphere; reacting covers contain an agent such as a deoxidizer.
Cover Core: A core set in place during the ramming of a mold to cover and complete a cavity partly formed by the withdrawal of a loose part of the pattern. Also used to form part or all of the cope surface of the mold cavity. A core placed over another core to create a flat parting line.
Cover Half: In Die casting, the stationary half of the die.
Crab: See Core Crab
Crack, Hot Tear: A rupture occurring in a casting at or just below the solidifying temperature by a pulling apart of the soft metal, caused by thermal contraction stresses.
See also Quench Crack
Cracking Strip: A fin of metal molded on the surface of a casting to prevent cracking.
Crane: A machine for lifting heavy weights; may be hand or power operated. Type include electric, gantry, jib, monorail, etc.
Crane, Gantry: A bridge carrying a traveling crane and supported by a pair of trestles running on parallel tracks.
Crane, Jib: A crane suspended from a jib.
Crane, Mobile: A crane supported on structure that rolls on wheels; may be moved manually or by its own power.
Crane, Wall Jib: A jib crane mounted on a wall rather than on an overhead beam.
Craze Crack (Crazing): Minute crack on ceramic or refractory surface caused by thermal or mechanical shock.
Crazing (Worming): A defect found in pack-hardened tools, manifested in surface markings.
Creep: The flow or plastic deformation of metals held for long periods of time at stresses lower than the normal yield strength. The effect is particularly important if the temperature of stressing is in the vicinity of the recrystallization temperature of the metal.
Creep Limit: The maximum stress that will result in creep at a rate lower than an assigned rate.
Crib: Network of cast iron used to support the cope when no cope flask is used.
Cristobalite: Simplest crystallographic form of SiO2.
Critical Cooling Rate: The minimum rate of continuous cooling just enough to prevent undesired transformations.
Critical Shear Stress: The shear stress required to cause slip in a single crystal, in a designated slip direction on a given slip plane. Referred to as the critical resolved shear stress if the shear stress reaches a threshold level.
Critical Strain: A term used in stress corrosion cracking tests to indicate the maximum strain rate necessary to promote stress corrosion cracks.
Comodizing: A rust-proofing process for steel.
Croning Process (C Process, Cronizing): A casting process name after its German developer Johannes Croning. It is a precision production process using a phenol formaldehyde resin binder.
See Shell Molding
Cross Gate: See Runner
Cross Section: A view of the interior of an object that is represented as being cut in two, the cut surface presenting the cross section of the object.
Crossbar: Wood or metal bar placed in a flask to give greater anchorage to the sand than is afforded by its four walls.
Crown: Furnace roof, especially when dome-shaped; highest point of an arch.
Crucible: A ceramic pot or receptacle made of materials such as graphite or silicon carbide, with relatively high thermal conductivity, bonded with clay or carbon, and used in melting metals; sometimes applied to pots made of cast iron, steel, or wrought steel. The name derives from the cross (Crux) with which ancient alchemists adorned it.
Crucible Furnace: A furnace fired with coke, oil, gas, or electricity in which metals are melted in a refractory crucible.
Crucible Zone: The zone in the cupola between the bottom and the tuyere.
Crush: Buckling or breaking of a section of mold due to incorrect register when closing. Also, an indentation in the casting surface due to displacement of sand in the mold when the mold is closed.
Crush Strip or Bead: An indentation in the parting line of a pattern plate which ensures that cope and drag have good contact by producing a ridge of sand which crushes against the other surface of the mold or core.
Crystal: A physically homogeneous solid in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a three-dimensional repetitive pattern.
Crystal Analysis: Determination of crystal structure.
Crystal Lattice: The way atoms are arranged in a crystal. Spacewise, there are only 14 different lattices.
Crystalline Fracture: Fracture of a brittle metal, showing definite crystal faces in the fractured surface.
Crystallization: The formation of crystals by the atoms assuming definite positions in the crystal lattice, e.g. when a metal solidifies.
Curing Time (No Bake): That period of time needed before a sand mass reaches maximum hardness.
CTD: Cumulative Trauma Disorder. Illnesses that develop gradually over time and involve disorders of the soft tissues of the body. Caused or aggravated by repeatedly or constantly applied excessive forces, awkward postures, or highly repetitive movements of the body.
Cut: Defect in a casting resulting from erosion of the sand by metal flowing over the mold or cored surface.
Cutoff Machine, Abrasive: A device using a thin abrasive wheel rotating at high speed to cut off gates and risers from castings, or in similar operations.
Cutter, Gate: A scoop or other form of cutting gates in the mold.
Cutting Wheel: The plastic discs impregnated with an abrasive for cutting ceramics and metals. Used on abrasive cutoff machines.
Cyclone (Centrifugal Collector): In air pollution control, a controlled descending vortex created to spiral objectionable gases and dust to the bottom of a collector core.
Cyclonic Scrubber: In air pollution control, radial liquid (usually water) sprays introduced into cyclones to facilitate collection of particles.
Cyclotron: A device for accelerating charged particles to high energies by means of an alternating electric field between electrodes placed in a constant magnetic field.